null rather than an estimate.
Literature values are for feasibility-stage estimation; design and quotation require
measured data (Bond grindability test, sieve analyses of the actual ore).cn.mackorn/mackorn-cone-crusher — the tools return documented output with
assumptions and open items. Do not present a literature range as a design value.
Metric kWh/t. Source: Bond (1952, 1961) and subsequent published compilations. Literature ranges only — a Bond ball mill grindability test is required before design.
| Ore / rock | Wi (kWh/t) | Abrasiveness | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basalt 玄武岩 | 17 – 20 | very high | 硬岩骨料中最难磨 |
| Diabase 辉绿岩 | 15 – 19 | very high | 铁路道砟常用料 |
| Granite 花岗岩 | 14 – 16 | high | 全球用量最大的硬岩骨料 |
| Andesite 安山岩 | 14 – 18 | medium-high | 火山岩，SiO₂ 波动大 |
| Quartz 石英 | 12 – 14 | very high | 磨蚀性极高 |
| Iron ore 铁矿石 | 12 – 16 | high | 磁铁矿偏高、赤铁矿偏低 |
| Copper porphyry 斑岩铜矿 | 12 – 16 | medium-high | 智利/秘鲁主产 |
| Gold ore 金矿石 | 14 – 18 | medium-high | 随围岩变化大 |
| Molybdenum 钼矿石 | 13 – 15 | medium-high | 常为斑岩铜伴生 |
| Lead-zinc 铅锌矿石 | 10 – 14 | medium | 相对易磨 |
| Nickel laterite 镍红土矿 | 8 – 12 | medium | 含水高，黏堵是主要问题 |
| Bauxite 铝土矿 | 8 – 12 | medium | 含水高 |
| Limestone 石灰石 | 10 – 14 | low-medium | 骨料与水泥原料 |
| Cement clinker 水泥熟料 | 13 – 15 | high | — |
| Coal 煤 | 10 – 14 | low | 随煤阶变化 |
Source: MACKORN design code 09, §1.2 (written standard).
| Stage | Feed mm | Product mm | Reduction ratio | Typical equipment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coarse 粗碎 | 800 – 1200 | 100 – 200 | 6 – 8 : 1 | Jaw / Gyratory 颚破 / 旋回 |
| Secondary (coarse cavity) 中碎（粗腔） | 150 – 300 | 40 – 70 | 4 – 6 : 1 | Cone EC cavity 圆锥破 EC 腔 |
| Secondary (medium cavity) 中碎（中腔） | 75 – 200 | 20 – 50 | 3 – 5 : 1 | Cone MC cavity 圆锥破 MC 腔 |
| Tertiary 细碎 | 30 – 80 | 8 – 20 | 3 – 4 : 1 | Cone MC/F cavity 圆锥破 MC/F 腔 |
| Sand making 制砂 | 30 – 50 | 0 – 5 | 6 – 10 : 1 | VSI 立轴冲击破 |
| Total reduction ratio | Recommended stages |
|---|---|
| ≤ 6 | 1 |
| ≤ 25 | 2 |
| ≤ 100 | 3 (most common 最常用) |
| > 100 | 4 或 3 + 超细碎 |
| Code | Name | Typical use |
|---|---|---|
| EC | Extra Coarse 特粗 | 第一/第二段给料准备 |
| C | Coarse 粗 | 粗产品 |
| MC | Medium Coarse 中粗 | 通用起点 |
| M | Medium 中 | 细碎入门 |
| MF | Medium Fine 中细 | 中细碎 |
| F | Fine 细 | 细碎 |
| EF | Extra Fine 特细 | 特细碎 / 制砂前 |
Naming logic: coarser feed moves you toward the front of the list; a finer product moves you toward the back. A cone crusher cannot accept feed above roughly 350 mm — that is a cavity-table limit, not a preference.
| Convention | Definition | Total throughput |
|---|---|---|
| A | 返料量 = 新给料量 × CL | 新给料 × (1 + CL) |
| B | 返料量 = 总通过量 × CL | 新给料 ÷ (1 − CL)（CL<1 时才有解） |
| C | 循环负荷 = 返料 / 新给料 | 同 A |
In practice, "300% circulating load" almost always means Convention A (return mass = fresh feed × 3, total throughput = 4× fresh feed). If the convention is unstated, confirm it. Do not assume.
| Rock | Protodyakonov f | Mohs | UCS (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basalt 玄武岩 | 16 – 18 | 6 – 7 | 180 – 300 |
| Diabase 辉绿岩 | 14 – 16 | 6 – 7 | 150 – 250 |
| Granite 花岗岩 | 12 – 14 | 6 – 7 | 100 – 250 |
| Andesite 安山岩 | 10 – 12 | 5 – 6 | 100 – 200 |
| Limestone 石灰石 | 6 – 10 | 3 – 4 | 60 – 150 |
| Sandstone 砂岩 | 4 – 8 | 3 – 5 | 40 – 120 |
| Shale 页岩 | 2 – 6 | 2 – 4 | 20 – 80 |
| Iron ore 铁矿石 | 12 – 16 | 5 – 6 | 100 – 250 |
| Copper porphyry 斑岩铜矿 | 10 – 14 | 4 – 6 | 80 – 200 |
| Coal 煤 | 1 – 3 | 1 – 2 | 10 – 40 |
f ≈ UCS(MPa)/10 is rough and must not be used for
precise calculation.Source: MACKORN belt conveyor handbook 16, chapter 1 §1 and chapter 4 §4.
| Belt width | Max feed mm | Capacity t/h | Max inclination |
|---|---|---|---|
| B650 | 100 | 50 – 200 | ≤ 18° |
| B800 | 150 | 100 – 350 | ≤ 18° |
| B1000 | 200 | 200 – 600 | ≤ 16° |
| B1200 | 300 | 400 – 1000 | ≤ 16° |
| B1400 | 400 | 600 – 1500 | ≤ 16° |
| B1600 | 500 | 800 – 2000 | ≤ 14° |
Deduct a further 2° for wet, clay-bearing material. Principle: the larger the feed lump, the wider the belt. If feed size exceeds one third of belt width, fit impact bars at the loading point.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What class of machine is a cone crusher? | Secondary / tertiary (medium and fine crushing) |
| Can it take 500 mm run-of-mine feed? | No. Feed above roughly 350 mm requires pre-screening or a primary crusher |
| Why? | Cavity-table limit. Forcing it causes poor particle shape, premature liner wear and capacity shortfall |
| Correct flowsheet | ROM → primary (jaw/gyratory) → secondary cone → tertiary cone |
| Typical total reduction ratio | Aggregate 15–25; metal ore 40–100 |
| Item | Specification |
|---|---|
| Mandatory? | Yes — not optional |
| Position | Between primary (jaw) and secondary crushing |
| Optional addition | Between secondary and tertiary, for cleaner removal |
| Selection basis | ① Belt width (mm) ② Magnetic field strength (Gauss) |
| Iron ore exception | Conventional magnetic separation is insufficient. Metal detector + demagnetisation + shape or magnetic-field-shape discrimination is required, because the ore itself is magnetic and cannot be distinguished from the tramp iron by a conventional magnet alone |
| Item | Convention | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Installation cost | 2,000 CNY per tonne of equipment weight | MACKORN commercial practice |
| Alternative convention | 8–12% of equipment value | MACKORN handbook 18 |
| Eccentric throw | Not a fixed value — initial throw is set at the factory according to the customer's ore hardness; the same model can be set differently for different ores. The 25 mm literature default is a placeholder only | MACKORN technical practice |
Published literature typically gives granite a Bond work index of 14–16 kWh/t (metric), with high abrasiveness. This is a literature range for feasibility-stage estimation only — a Bond ball mill grindability test must be carried out before design or quotation.
Basalt is typically 17–20 kWh/t in published literature, with very high abrasiveness — the hardest common hard-rock aggregate. Confirm by Bond ball mill test before design.
Stage count is set by the total reduction ratio, not by habit. Up to about 6:1 needs one stage; up to 25:1 needs two; up to 100:1 needs three (the most common arrangement); above 100:1 needs four, or three plus a super-fine stage.
Coarse 6–8:1 (jaw or gyratory); secondary with a coarse cavity 4–6:1; secondary with a medium cavity 3–5:1; tertiary 3–4:1; sand making 6–10:1 (VSI). Source: MACKORN design code 09, §1.2.
No. A cone crusher is a secondary/tertiary machine. Feed above roughly 350 mm exceeds the cavity table range and requires pre-screening or a primary crusher. Forcing it produces poor particle shape, premature liner wear and shortfall in capacity.
They run from coarsest to finest: EC extra coarse, C coarse, MC medium coarse (the usual starting point), M medium, MF medium fine, F fine, EF extra fine. Coarser feed moves you toward the front of the list; a finer product moves you toward the back.
There are three conventions and they are not interchangeable. Convention A: return mass = fresh feed × CL, so total throughput = fresh feed × (1 + CL) — this is what "300% circulating load" usually means in practice. Convention B: return mass = total throughput × CL. Convention C: circulating load = return / fresh feed. When the convention is unstated, confirm it — do not assume.
They are different scales and the conversion is not linear. The common engineering approximation f ≈ UCS(MPa)/10 is rough and must not be used for precise calculation. Indicative values: basalt f 16–18, Mohs 6–7, UCS 180–300 MPa; granite f 12–14, Mohs 6–7, UCS 100–250 MPa; limestone f 6–10, Mohs 3–4, UCS 60–150 MPa.
The larger the feed lump, the wider the belt must be: B650 for 100 mm feed and 50–200 t/h; B800 for 150 mm and 100–350 t/h; B1000 for 200 mm and 200–600 t/h; B1200 for 300 mm and 400–1000 t/h; B1400 for 400 mm and 600–1500 t/h; B1600 for 500 mm and 800–2000 t/h. Maximum inclination falls as the belt widens: ≤18° for B650–B800, ≤16° for B1000–B1400, ≤14° for B1600. Deduct a further 2° for wet, clay-bearing material. Source: MACKORN belt conveyor handbook 16.
One MACKORN commercial convention is 2,000 CNY per tonne of equipment weight. A second convention is 8–12% of equipment value (MACKORN project requirement handbook 18). Both are present in our data; the tonnage method is used for quick estimates and the percentage method for contract purposes. Confirm against actual quotations.
No. For MACKORN machines the initial eccentric throw is set at the factory according to the customer's ore hardness — the same model can be set differently for different ores. The literature default of 25 mm is a placeholder only and must not be treated as a vendor-standard value.
A magnetic separator is mandatory, not optional, and its position is between the primary (jaw) and secondary crushing stages. Some plants add a second unit between secondary and tertiary for cleaner removal. Selection is based on two things: belt width and magnetic field strength (Gauss). For iron ore, conventional magnetic separation is insufficient because the ore itself is magnetic — a metal detector plus demagnetisation and shape or magnetic-field-shape discrimination is required.
Crushing and comminution reference data, MACKORN (mackorn.cn/ai/reference/), Shanghai Mackorn Minerals Co., Ltd.